CAC

Cyrus Basseri, Amanda Lindefjeld and Carolina Manrique

__chemical property__ - any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a chemical reaction __physical property__ - any property that is measurable whose value describes a physical system's state. The changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its transformations (or evolutions between its momentary states). __homogeneous__ - uniform in composition or character; one that is **heterogeneous** lacks uniformity in one of these qualities. __heterogeneous__ - the nature of opposition, or contrariety of qualities. __suspension__ - a heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. __solution__ - a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. __density__ - and objects mass per unit volume. __filtrate__ - designed to physically block certain objects or substances while letting others through. __atom__ - a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. __element__ - a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus. __molecule__ - an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds. __compound__ - a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements. __physical change__ - when objects or substances undergo a change that does not change their chemical nature, contrasting with the concept of chemical change. __chemical change__ - when bonds are broken and formed between different atoms.
 * Definitions**

The main reason we did this Foul Water Lab was because we needed to take a **heterogeneous** mixture and change it into a **homogeneous** mixture. First, we were provided with a bottle half filled with a murky liquid that was composed of different **compounds**. The whole process that we had to conduct was so we could filter the liquid in the water bottle to make it pure water. Water is a **molecule** that is consisted of the following **elements**: 2 hydrogen **atoms** and one oxygen atom. We wafted the contents and concluded that the bottle held a strong stench of vinegar and salt. This sample not being flammable is a **chemical property**. There were layers separating each of the contents by their **density**. The top layer consisted of oil and was easy to observe that they were almost completely separated. With the provided pipet, we drew out as much oil from the overall contents as we could. The first step had been completed and were closer to pure water since the majority of oil was out of the picture. We lost 13% of our solution, but it was mostly oil. Next, we used a paper clip to poke holes into the bottom of a styrofoam cup and then added a 1-cm layer of gravel, a 2-cm layer of sand, and than another 1-cm layer of gravel inside the styrofoam cup. We drained the contents of our bottle through the contents of the styrofoam cup into the 250-mL beaker. This is a crucial part in order to turn the **suspension** into a solid-less liquid **solution**. We disposed of the sand and gravel filter and used a graduated cylinder to measure the **filtrate**. During this part, we managed to keep 93.37% of the water. Next, we poured the contents of the 250-mL beaker into a clean, dry 150-mL beaker. Then, charcoal powder was attributed in the contents of the bottle and stirred it with a stirring rod until the solute was almost completely dissolved. The gravel being able to be dissolved is a **physical property**. There was still solid gravel within the sample. The color completely changed as it was mixed and the gravel did not all settle at the bottom of the beaker. That was a **physical change.** Then we folded a piece of filter paper three times and placed it in a funnel. We placed the funnel into the 150-mL beaker and slowly poured the sample charcoal into the funnel. Clear looking water slowly filtrated into the 150-mL beaker from the funnel. There was a lack of **chemical change** in this lab because nothing of atomic or molecular composition and structure of the substances involved changed. Finally, we measured the sample in a clean, dry 100-mL graduated cylinder. Due to lack of time, we only got 36.68% of the water completely purified.
 * Analysis**

- Vinegary and salty odor - Coffee like solids on the bottom - When we shook the bottle, it turned a dark brown, but when we let it settle it you could see the yellowish layer of oil on top and then the lighter, yellowish brown solution. || - Darker - A thin layer of oil was still left on the water, although we removed most of it. || - Many small, white unidentified objects floating throughout the substance - Smells like garlic - No more solids - Starting to look more like water || - Some of the charcoal sunk to the bottom - Not completely dissolved - Instead of resting at the bottom, the charcoal mixed and dissolved enough to change the color - We found this step to be the most efficient because we lost the least amount of water || - It is now a homogeneous solution ||
 * ||= **Volume (mL)** ||< **Observations** ||
 * **Before treatment** ||= 208 mL ||< - Contains oil
 * **After oil-water seperation** ||= 181 mL ||< - More watery
 * **After sand filtration** ||= 169 mL ||< - Light yellowish color
 * **After charcoal absorption** ||= N/A ||< - Turns all black
 * **After filtration** ||= 62 mL ||< - Looks like water; clear

% yield after __181 mL__ oil-water sep. = 208 mL X 100 = 87%
 * Calculations**

% yield after __169 mL__
sand filtration = 181 mL X 100 = 93.37%

% yield after __62 mL__
after filtration = 169 mL X 100 = 36.68%