JBB

__ Purification of Water Lab by Jacob Kaminsky, Billy Trumbetti, and Ben Wolfin __
__chemical property__ __physical property__ __homogeneous__ __heterogeneous__ __suspension__ __solution__ __density__ __filtrate__ __atom__ __element__ __molecule__ __compound__ __physical change__ __chemical change__ *** Discussion as to the efficiency of each step of purification (refer to both observations and calculations):**
 * properties only observed or measured by changing the chemical identity of a sample of matter.
 * a property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the sample of matter.
 * a mixture that is uniform throughout; in other words, a solution
 * a mixture that is not uniform throughout
 * a mixture containing large, dispersed solid particles that can settle out or be separated by filtration
 * a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
 * the mass per unit volume of a given material that is often expressed as g/cm 3
 * the liquid collected after filtration
 * the smallest particle possessing the properties of an element
 * the fundamental chemical substances from which all other substances are made
 * the smallest particle of a substance retaining all the properties of that substance
 * a substance composed of two or more elements bonded together in fixed proportions; a compound cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical means
 * a change in matter in which the identity of the material involved does not change
 * an interaction of matter that results in the formation of one or more new substances
 * Description of original sample of water and of the sample after each step of purification
 * Before Treatment:
 * =====The element of water or H 2 O contains one __atom__ of hydrogen and 2 atoms of oxygen,is the most common __element__ in the world, and water can be purified no matter what is in it. In this step our group received a bottle filled with unknown materials. It's __physical property__ smells like garlic and oil, and the color is gold at the top because of the oil sitting atop of the mixture, and the rest is dark brown filled with every other liquid that is in the bottle. The original __compound__ was a __heterogeneous__ mixture.The was __suspension__ between the water and oil because the oil is less dense than water. The oil does this because its __density__ is lighter than the other liquids. This means since the oil sits atiop the mixture it is lighter than all of the liquids in the bottle, there were 205 mL of the liquid in the bottle to begin. Our goal is to change the __chemical property__ of the liquid by separating the oil, filtrating it with sand absorbing charcoal, and filtrating it.=====
 * ==**After Oil - water separation**:==
 * In this lab we are looking to find the __homogeneous__ mixture to find the __solution__ to purifying the water, and in this step we seperated the oil by using pipets. We want to find the smallest __molecule__ in the bottle and use it to find the way to purify our dirty water. After taking out the oil and putting it into a test tube the mixture still contained the smell of garlic and oil and the bottom color changed from dark brown to orange - brownish color all of the dark materials may have been removed with the oil. Now, after oil there is 152 mL left of the liquid. This can justify that the liquid was mostly oil because we still have 73% of our volume left of the foul water, and during this step we lost 36% of our volume. Even though this is a high percentage you must understand that the foul water was contained with a lot oil, and just by observing it before our group touched anything we could all see how much oil was laying on top of the mixture of the foul water.
 * ==After Sand Filtration:==
 * Now after the sand separation we have 121 mL of the liquid left. This was a very efficient step because the sand removed all of our heavy material. It changed the color of the water from light brown to orange color. Even though all of the heavy material was removed it still has the smell of garlic, and a vinegar type smell. By using sand, pebbles we have removed the dark material from the liquid. In this step we still contained 79% of the liquid from the mixture after oil separation and we lost 20% of the volume of the foul water during this step. This shows that the sand filtration wasn't the best filtration during the experiment because it didn't remove that many particles from the foul water mixture.
 * ==After Charcoal Separation:==
 * By using a paper filter we are observing that the paper is absorbing the charcoal and a clear liquid is dripping through the filter. It no longer has a smell of garlic or vinegar and contains none of the chemicals that it contained before. After, the filtration was complete we had 88 mL left of the liquid this means that it had 72.72% yield after filtration. This means we lost 28% of the volume of the foul water from the liquid left after sand filtration and this is a perfect number our group was looking for. This shows that the charcoal and the filtration paper absorbed enough particles to become a clear liquid, thus purifying the foul water.
 * **Identification of impurity removed with each step of purification:**
 * The physical change of the liquid can be measured by the equation volume of liquid after each removal step over volume of water before removal of liquid and then multiply that by one hundred. After that equation you should get the percent yield, and that means you should get the final chemical change of the liquid into a clear liquid. The original amount of the liquid was 205 mL and after oil water separation there was 152 mL, the percent yield is 74.15% and the percent of volume of the foul water we lost was 36% showing that our group lost a huge amount of the liquid from the oil.Next, was sand filtration and after the filtration our group had 121 mL of the liquid left, giving us a 20% loss of the volume of the liquid left after the oil separation. This shows that this step wasn't the most proficient because the sand filtration did not remove a lot of the particles from the foul water mixture.The 121 mL left from the sand filtration compared to the oil separation is a 79.61% yield. Finally, the last amount of water we had after charcoal separation was 88 mL meaning it had a 72.72% yield, and a 28% loss of the volume of the foul water liquid. This was the exact percentage we were looking for because it is right in the middle of a lot of volume lost and a little of the volume lost. The charcoal and the filtration paper absorbed enough of the particles left in the foul water mixture to give our group clear liquid, which is the purified water.

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- The most efficient step of the lab was the oil - separation because before separating the oil we had 205 mL of the liquid and after we had 152 mL. The color changed and the amount of liquid we had. Then the sand filtration removed all of our heavy material in the liquid and you can see there were no more chunks of things in the cup, but this wasn't a proficient step because it did not remove enough particles to give a big change to the volume of the foul water. Also, it changed the color again to a light brown - orange color, and it now has 121 mL of the liquid left. Finally, the last step is the charcoal separation and we notice that in the filter it is taking out the charcoal and giving us a clear liquid. It no longer contains the chemicals that were put into it before, and is clear and odorless. After, all the dripping of the water containing charcoal was over we had a final total of water of 88 mL This finally gave us a __heterogeneous__ solution. =====