JTB


 * Calculations:**

% yield after oil-water sep: 72.72% % yield after sand-gravel filtration: 74.74%


 * Vocabulary:**

rusting is an example of chemical property
 * __chemical property__**: a characteristic, when measured or observed, changes the chemical make-up of the original substance.

density is an ex of physical property
 * __physical property:__** any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions.

oxygen, water, sugar water, carbon dioxide
 * __homogenous:__** a substance or material that contains only one kind of compound or one element.


 * __heterogenous:__** a mixture or substance composed of different substances or the same substance in different phases, such as solid ice and liquid water.

Mud or muddy water, snow globes, and paint dust are examples of suspensions.
 * __suspension:__**a state in which the particles of a substance are mixed with a fluid but are undissolved.

Analysis: The original sample for the lab was filthy. The water was filthy, and filled with black solids and yellow water. The water had a strange smell to it. The volume of the water was 220 mL. The __physical properties__ of the water changed after the first step, when we began the separation of the oil from the water. Most of the solids disappeared as well. The smell became less visible as well. The __chemical properties__ changed as well. The yellowish color changed, becoming more clear. The volume was 160 mL. After the second step, which was the sand filtration, the water became even more clear then it was before. The volume of the water was 148 mL. During the charcoal adsorption, the water dripped very slow from the filter. The water was a lot more clear then it was before. After the charcoal adsorption, the water is as clear as can be. There are no signs of solids, or any odor left over from the filthy water that started. The water was a __filtrate__ during this phase because it passed through a filter. Also the water __molecules__ were separated by the filter. Some of the __physical changes__ that took place were that the water lost all of its solids and its color. Some __chemical changes__ were that the water lost the odor that it started with.


 * identification of impurity removed with each step of purification - based on your observations and on what you found each material is //supposed// to remove**

Before treatment the volume of the liquid in the bottler was 220 mL. There were three different things in the bottle, oil, which was the lightest color and was at the top of the bottler, water was the on the bottom of the bottler, and there are black speckles in the liquid that are stuck to either the side or bottom of the bottle. This suspension has an odor that makes it smell like salad dressing.

After the oil-water separation, the yellowish liquid has become more clear and there are almost none of the black speckles were left in the solution as well. There was 160 mL which is 72.72% of the original measurement. The top layer of liquid has been taken away and is not visible or there in the bottler. There is still and odor that smells like salad dressing. This procedure is supposed to take away all of the oil that was in the liquid.

After sand and gravel filtration there was 148 mL of the liquid left which is 74.74% of what we had before this step. After the sand filtration the oil is completely gone from the filtrate and the liquid left is now a light shade of yellow and is nearly clear. Also, after this step the odor has gone away and the solution does not smell anymore. the purpose of this step was to remove any remaining oil and it removes the odor.

After charcoal adsorption, the volume of the liquid is still the same as after the sand filtration. This step was the most sufficient of them all because it has an 100% yield after percentage. After adding the charcoal and miking it into the solution, the water turned completely black with some charcoal at the bottom and floating at the top. This procedure allows the charcoal mixed in to absorb any molecules or other liquids that do not belong in the water.

After filtration, the liquid is now clear and looks like water. there is 85 mL of the liquid left. This step was the least efficient because it had a 57.43% yield which is the least of them all.

3. Overall, each step of purification was pretty efficient. The first step, taking the oil out of the water was very efficient. It didn't take that much time to complete, there weren't many materials used, and there was a 30% yield after this step was completed. The gravel filtration was the least efficient out of all of the steps. It took some time to wait for the water to drain, and there was a good amount of materials used. In & yield after the filtration, and the effectiveness, it was efficient. But for the other two factors, it didn't really help all that much. And the last step, the charcoal, was very efficient except for the time factor.